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Objective:To report the sampling study design and radiography protocol of a large-sample investigation on skeletal maturation of 3 to 18-year-old children in China.Methods:Multi-stage stratified random sampling was employed in this study. Two provinces, municipalities, or autonomous regions were randomly selected from each of the seven regions of China, including Northeast China, Northwest China, North China, Central China, East China, Southwest China, and South China. Then one rural and one urban investigation site were randomly selected from each province, municipality, or autonomous region. In total 28 sites were included. Among those sites, four residential districts were randomly selected from each urban site, and four townships from each rural site. For each residential district or township, 1-4 kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools were chosen. Random cluster sampling was used to extract 3-<6-year-old children in kindergartens, and 6-18-year-old children in primary schools and middle schools. The investigation on skeletal maturation was sampled proportionate to the sampling of the whole study. The estimated simple size was 780 for each site, and 21 840 for all 28 sites in total. There were six groups of 3-<6-year-old children classified at 0.5-year intervals, and 12 groups of 6-18-year-old children classified at 1-year intervals. Posteroanterior position radiography of the left hand and wrist was achieved for all subjects.Results:The study was performed from August 26, 2019 to October 16, 2021. In total, 20 444 children received posteroanterior position radiography of the left hand and wrist, including 10 196 males and 10 248 females, 9 711 urban and 10 733 rural, respectively. The 3-<6-year-old group included 1 611 (male 819, female 792) subjects, and the 6 to 18-year-old group included 18 833 (male 9 377, female 9 456) subjects.Conclusion:This nationwide investigation on skeletal maturation of 3 to 18-year-old children in seven regions of China was successfully preformed. The results of this study can provide an important reference for establishing the current evaluation criteria of bone age in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between vegetarian diets and vitamin B 12 levels in Chinese pregnant women. Methods:A cross-sectional survey was used to explore the relationship between vegetarian diets and vitamin B 12 levels in Chinese pregnant women based on data from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017). Maternal serum vitamin B 12 concentration was determined by electrochemiluminescence. Background and diet information of all subjects were collected using general and food frequency questionnaires. General Linear Model was used to analyze the difference in serum vitamin B 12 levels between vegetarian and non-vegetarian pregnant women and multivariate logistic regression for examining the relationship between vegetarian diets and vitamin B 12 deficiency (vitamin B 12<150 pmol/L) in pregnant women. Results:A total of 8 366 pregnant women were included in the analysis, and vegetarians accounted for 1.2% (102/8 366). The median serum vitamin B 12 concentrations were 155.8(93.6-212.4) pmol/L and 187.2(127.4-267.6) pmol/L ( Z=－4.22, P<0.001), and the vitamin B 12 deficiency rates were 48.0% (49/102) and 35.0% (2 896/8 264) in vegetarian and non-vegetarian women, respectively. The vitamin B 12 deficiency rate in vegetarian women was 0.89-fold higher than in non-vegetarians (95% CI: 1.24-2.89). Among the vegetarian and non-vegetarian pregnant women, vitamin B 12 deficiency rates during the first, second, and third trimesters were 34.8%(16/46), 54.3%(19/35), 66.7%(14/21), and 20.4%(521/2 559), 32.6%(941/2 886), 50.9%(1 430/2 807), noting for an increasing trend ( Z=23.54 and 2.57, P=0.010 and P<0.001). Conclusions:Vegetarian pregnant women are at high risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Compared with non-vegetarian women, vegetarian pregnant women in China have lower vitamin B 12 levels and a higher risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Moreover, the risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency will gradually increase during pregnancy.
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This article is a summary of the Second China Breast Milk Science Conference, which was held in Beijing from August 5 to 7, 2022, with the theme of "Data sharing, method sharing and science sharing". The purpose of the conference is to summarize the latest progress in breast milk research, identify the unresolved issues, and jointly discuss the direction of future breast milk research. Firstly, we summarize the contents and purpose of breast milk scientific research and prospect of breast milk science. The second part focuses on the research status of breast milk composition and its health effects, and puts forward the future research direction. The third section focuses on the health effects of breastfeeding and scientific support and key aspects of breastfeeding promotion actions. The fourth part elaborates the specific methods of current scientific research of breast milk and emphasize the importance of method standardization and the idea of future methodological research. The fifth part consists of the strategy of feeding infants with medical conditions and ways to better promote the growth and development of these infants. The last part introduces the innovation, deficiencies, and future research directions of infant formula production technology in China. This conference demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary communication, discussions and collaborations in clinical medicine, nutrition, perinatal health, food science, and policy-making in the scientific research of breast milk, and provides guidance for future multidisciplinary research on the physiology of lactation, the composition of breast milk, breastfeeding, and infants and young children nutrition.
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Human milk is the optimal food for infants. We described the history of human milk research both in China and abroad, the gap between domestic and international research, and the future direction in this area. Human milk needs to be studied as a biological system in the future. Reference values for human milk components of Chinese healthy mother-infant dyad should be established. Factors associated with human milk components variations and relationships between human milk components and maternal and child health also need to be investigated to achieve the best nutrition and health status for mother and child pairs.
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Objective To compare the detection results of three kinds of automated nucleic acid purifiers, and to evaluate the detection performance of the domestic 2019-nCoV RNA purifier. Methods Three automated nucleic acid purifiers, namely A (imported), B (domestic), and C (domestic) automated nucleic acid extraction instruments, were used to purify nucleic acid. The Conchestan 2019-nCoV RNA (Liquid) quality control product S5 (batch number 202007002, reference level 1000cp/ml) was chosen as the experimental object. The quality control product was diluted in a series of 10 to 1000 times to prepare experimental samples of different concentrations. Among them, the A nucleic acid purifier used its own matching reagents, and the B and C purifiers belonged to a same manufacturer with different models and used their own supporting reagents as well as third-party reagents, to evaluate the anti-pollution ability, precision, accuracy, repeatability, detection limit and linear correlation. Results Using the imported brand A as a reference standard for comparison, when using reagents from B, the linear correlation between the two domestic nucleic acid purifiers and the imported equipment were 0.999, 0.915 (N-terminal), and 0.997, 0.825 (ORF1ab-terminal), respectively; when using the third-patty reagents, the linear correlation between the two domestic nucleic acid purifiers and the imported equipment were 0.999, 0.915 (N-terminal) and 0.997, 0.825 (ORF1ab-terminal), respectively. Conclusion The extraction of 2019-NCOV RNA by domestic nucleic acid purifiers can be fully automated with good correlation. The system performance is comparable to international standards. Moreover, the extraction time of the domestic nucleic acid purifiers is shorter than the imported one, which offers obvious advantages when the number of samples is large.
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@#Objective To summarize the perioperative and long-term outcomes of ground-glass opacity (GGO) dominant early stage lung cancer patients treated by anatomic segmentectomy. Methods We collected clinical data of 756 patients from Western China Lung Cancer Database, who underwent intentional anatomic segmentectomy [tumor size (T) ≤ 2 cm, GGO ≥ 50%] in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from 2009 to 2018. There were 233 males and 523 females at a median age of 53 (25-83) years including 290 (38.4%) patients of simple segmentectomy and 466 (61.6%) patients of complex segmentectomy. All patients were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, including 338 (44.7%) patients of minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and 418 (55.3%) patients of invasive adenocarcinoma. Results The median operative time was 115 (38-300) min, the median blood loss was 20 (5-800) mL, 58 (7.7%) patients had postoperative complications and the postoperative stay was 4 (2-24) days. The median follow-up period was 43.0 (30.1-167.9) months. Five-year overall survival rate was 99.5% [95%CI (98.8%, 100.0%)], 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 98.8% [95%CI (97.5%, 100.0%)], and 5-year lung cancer-specific survival rate was 100.0%. Conclusion Anatomic segmentectomy has favorable perioperative outcomes and excellent prognosis in GGO dominant early stage lung cancer patients.
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Objective:To explore whether CT image post-processing software can accurately measure (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALPPS) related (future liver remnant, FLR).Methods:Clinical data of 9 liver cancer patients undergoing ALPPS were retrospectively analyzed in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from Mar 2015 to May 2019. All cases were divided into 2 groups by measurement: CT′s image post-processing software, or Myrian software. Two groups were compared with each other by paired t-test. Results:FLR from group CT′s image post-processing software was larger than that by Myrian software, there was statistical difference ( t=2.512, P=0.019). The mistakes of FLR measurements by the radiologist using CT′s image post-processing software couldbe caused by: (1)Lacking theoretical knowledge of liver surgery; (2) Adding devitalized tissue of hepatic section into future liver remnant; (3) Concept confusion about liver anatomy; (4) Lack of precision measurement. Conclusions:The inaccuracies generated during the ALPPS related future liver remnant measurements in CT′s image post-processing technique are all caused by human factors. These problems could be solved if the radiologist who operates 3D reconstruction receives liver surgery training or works with liver surgeons.
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of switch from prednisone (AA+ P) to dexamethasone (AA+ D) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients (mCRPC) progressing on abiraterone plus prednisone.Methods:Between November 2016 and December 2019, 46 mCRPC patients were switched to AA+ D after progression on AA+ P at Sun Yet-sen University Cancer center. Median age was 72 years(50 to 89 years), with median androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) duration 14.6 months(2.1 to 168.5 months). PSA level at the time of diagnosis, the initiation of AA+ P treatment, the time of switch were 258.9 ng/ml, 56.6 ng/ml, 25.1 ng/ml, respectively. 42 (91.3%), 12(26.1%), 7(15.2%) patients had bone metastasis, lymph node metastasis, visceral metastasis, respectively. 28 patients had Gleason score ≥8, and 11 patients had Gleason score<8. The primary endpoint was progression free-survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included PSA response rate of PSA decline ≥50% and ≥30% and safety. Patients were divided into different risk level groups according to PSA level at the time of switch and PFS on AA+ P.Results:The median follow-up of 46 patients was 4.9 months, 40 patients progressed at the last follow-up, the treatment was terminated in 1 patient because of cerebral infarction, 5 patients were still on the treatment of AA+ D. Median PFS on AA+ D of 46 patients was 3.7 (1.6-24.1) months. A total of 12 (26.1%) patients showed a PSA decline≥50% after treatment with AA+ D, and 21 (45.7%) patients showed a PSA decline ≥30%. The median PFS was 8.5 (2.7-24.1) and 3.0 (1.6-17.8) months for patients with PSA decline≥50% and PSA didn’t decline ≥50%, respectively. Four factors below were significantly associated with a longer PFS on AA+ D after steroid switch in univariate analysis: lower PSA level at the time of switch (<30 ng/ml, HR=0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.64, P=0.002), longer ADT sensitivity duration (≥18 months, HR=0.55, 95% CI 0.28-1.06, P=0.045), longer AA+ P treatment PFS (≥8 months, HR=0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.72, P=0.004), and greater PSA decline on AA+ D (≥50%, HR=0.30, 95% CI 0.17-0.75, P=0.007). The above mentioned factors were also independent prognostic factors associated with better PFS on AA+ D after steroid switch in multivariate analysis. Treatment with AA+ D was well tolerated in all patients, with no grade 3/4 toxicity reported. Conclusions:Switching from prednisone to dexamethasone is effective and safe in mCRPC patients progressing on abiraterone plus prednisone. Patients with lower PSA level at the time of switch, longer ADT sensitivity duration, longer AA+ P treatment PFS and greater PSA decline on AA+ D might gain better efficacy.
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BACKGROUND@#Patients with N2 stage non-small cell lung cancer have prognostic heterogeneity, and this study attempted to explore the prognostic factors among those patients.@*METHODS@#Patients with N2 stage undergoing radical resection in Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China hospital, Sichuan University between January 2007 and December 2016 were included. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to explore the prognostic value of clinicopathological features. Survival curves were plotted by Kaplan-Meier method. Subgroup analyses considering the situation of lymph node involvement were performed.@*RESULTS@#In total, 773 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 57.2 months, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 34.8%. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, number of involved lymph node stations, skip metastasis, lymphatic or vascular invasion and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors. The patients with stage T1-3 had similar prognosis, while the patients with stage T4 had worse survival. In addition, the patients with single station involvement and skip metastasis had the best prognosis with a 5-years overall survival rate of 48.9%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#T4 stage patients had worse survival in N2 group. To get a more precisely stratification, skip metastasis and number of involved lymph node stations should be considered in future N stage classification.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the role of radionuclide hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the evaluation of gallbladder contraction function, and to provide a theoretical basis for preoperative evaluation of gallbladder contraction function in patients undergoing laparoscopic-hard endoscopic gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy. MethodsA total of 47 patients with gallstones who were admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from June to December, 2016, and underwent 99mTc-EHIDA hepatobiliary imaging to evaluate gallbladder contraction function were enrolled. The radioactive count of the gallbladder was measured after fat meal and gallbladder contraction function was evaluated. A comparative analysis was performed based on intraoperative exploration and gallbladder-preserving outcome. ResultsA total of 26 patients with negative results of the EHIDA gallbladder contraction test underwent a successful gallbladder-preserving surgery, and some of them had no recurrence of stones after 24 months of follow-up. Among the 12 patients with impaired gallbladder contraction function shown by EHIDA, 1 underwent cholecystectomy due to roughness of the gallbladder wall and deposition of a large amount of cholesterol crystal, and 11 underwent gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy. Among the 9 patients without the image of the gallbladder, 1 was found to have stones with a diameter of 2 cm embedded in the neck of the gallbladder by intraoperative exploration and underwent gallbladder-preservation surgery, and no recurrence of gallbladder stones was observed after 24 months of follow-up; the remaining 8 patients underwent cholecystectomy. Conclusion99mTc-EHIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy has a certain value in evaluating gallbladder contraction function, but it cannot be used as the only evidence for the selection of surgical approach. Laparoscopic-hard endoscopic intraoperative exploration is a strong evidence for the selection of gallbladder-preserving surgery, and formal industry standards can be developed.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the expression of hypothalamic nerve growth factor precursor (proNGF) and the influence of hypothalamic proNGF on the sympathetic output of paraventrucular nucleus. Methods Forty-two male SD rats, aged 3-4 months, weighing 350-500 g, were divided into control group, CPB group and ischemia reperfusion (IR) group. At the end of CPB for 110 min, hypothalamus and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were taken to measure the levels of proNGF mRNA and hypothalamic proNGF protein. Mini pipe was put into bilateral paraventrucular nucleus (PVN) and human recombination proNGF protein was injected into PVN for 7 d before the local field potentials (LFP) of RVLM was recoreded. Human recombination proNGF protein was administrated into lateral ventricle, the prior-administration-LFP of PVN and post-administration-LFP were recorded and compared. At the end of the experiment, hypothalamus was taken to measure the levels of glutamate and gammer amino butyric acid (GABA). Results Hypothalamic proNGF protein in CPB group and IR group was higher than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05); NGF mRNA of hypothalamus and DRG in CPB and IR group were higher than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05). In PVN and RVLM, after the administration of proNGF protein, the power of delta band significantly decreased and other bands increased (P ＜ 0.05). The hypothalamic GABA level decreased (P ＜ 0.05) with no change of hypothalamic glutamate after proNGF was injected into lateral ventricle. Conclusion CPB increases the expression of proNGF in the hypothalamus contributing to the changes of hypothalamic sympathetic output.
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Objective To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 0-5 years,in 2010-2013.Methods Data was from the ‘China Nutrition and Health Surveillance-0-5-Years-Old Children and Lactating Women’ project in 2013.Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 55 districts/counties from 30 provinces (autonomous regions,municipalities) with the sample size of children as 32 862.Definition of overweight and obesity were according to both the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5-year-old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5-years-old.Results were calculated by complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010.Results The overall prevalence of overweight was 8.4％ among the 0-5-year-old in 2013,with 9.4％ in boys and 7.2％ in girls.Both of the rates from urban and rural areas were the same,as 8.4％.The prevalence rates of overweight in the 0-,6-,12-,24-,36-,48-and 60-71 months age groups appeared as 13.0％,11.1％,8.3％,6.0％,4.8％,3.9％ and 15.9％,respectively.The rates of overweight in low,medium and high income families were 8.0％,8.8％ and 8.9％,respectively.The prevalence of obesity was 3.1％ among the 0-5-year-old,with 3.6％ in boys and 2.5％ in girls.There was no significant difference seen in urban (3.3％) and rural areas (2.9％).The prevalence rates for obesity in the 0-,6-,12-,24-,36-,48-and 60-71 months age groups were 5.8％,3.8％,2.5％,1.6％,1.2％,1.3％ and 7.8％,respectively.The rates of obesity in low,medium and high income families were 2.8％,3.3％ and 3.5％,respectively.Conclusion The prevalence rates of both overweight and obesity were increasing among the 0-5-year-olds in China,suggesting that it is necessary to timely conduct the surveillance and intervention programs on overweight and obesity in this target population.
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Objective@#To investigate anemia rate and to analyze related factors in maternal women in Taicang of Jiangsu province.@*Methods@#There were 13 278 pregnant women who had prenatal care and gave birth in 25 hospitals during 2014-2016 in Taicang of Jiangsu Province. We excluded 1 179 women who registered after 12 weeks of gestation, 144 women who did not test hemoglobin during gestation, and 25 women whose gestational weeks were incorrect. Finally, data from 11 930 pregnant women were analyzed. From the electronical medical record system of maternal and child health care, we obtained basic information of these pregnant women, their hemoglobin levels and related data during gestation and postpartum. Anemia rate was descripted, and factors associated with anemia were identified using multiple unconditional logistic regression.@*Results@#Age of the 11 930 pregnant women was (27.0±4.5) years old, and the P50 (P25-P75) of BMI at the first trimester was 21.4 (19.6-23.7) kg/m2. The anemia rate during gestation was 37.2% (4 434/11 930). The anemia rate was 5.5% (276/5 035), 24.4% (1 802/7 377), and 47.8% (3 328/6 966) at the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Anemia rate at 42 days postpartum was 19.9% (680/3 418). Multiple unconditional logistic regression indicated that anemia during gestation was related with maternal age <21 years old at prenatal registration (OR (95%CI): 1.28 (1.07-1.53)), body mass index(BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 at the first trimester (OR (95%CI): 1.14 (1.00-1.29)), non-local residence (OR (95%CI): 1.35 (1.20-1.52)), education of middle school and lower (OR (95%CI): middle school: 1.24 (1.05-1.47), primary school: 1.36 (1.01-1.82)), occupation of housewife or farmer (OR (95%CI): housewife: 1.21 (1.06-1.38), farmer: 1.21 (1.03-1.44)). Anemia at 42 days postpartum was associated with multipara (OR(95%CI): 1.59 (1.12-2.27)), anemia at the first trimester (OR(95%CI): 3.26 (1.92-5.55)), no folic acid supplementation at the first trimester (OR(95%CI): 1.34 (1.00-1.80)), and hemorrhage≥500 ml during 24 h postpartum (OR(95%CI): 2.26 (1.02-4.97)).@*Conclusion@#Anemia rate was low for maternal women in Taicang of Jiangsu Province. The factors associated with gestational anemia included pregnant women's age, BMI, local or non-local residence, occupation, and education. The factors associated with postpartum anemia included multipara, anemia at the first trimester, no folic acid supplementation at the first trimester, and hemorrhage 24 h postpartum.
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications during pregnancy, with rising trend over the years. Dietary nutrient intake (protein, fat and fatty acids, carbohydrate, vitamin D, vitamin E, iron, zinc, selenium and inositol et al.), dietary pattern and probiotics may be related to GDM occurrence. Dietary factors are modifiable factors for preventing GDM. The study reviewed the roles of these dietary factors in preventing GDM. Results showed that plant-based dietary pattern may lower the risk of GDM and dietary pattern characterized with high animal protein, high fat and low carbohydrate may increase the risk of GDM. It warrants further studies that nutrient supplementation may prevent pregnant women from GDM. Diverse diet based on plant and cereal food should be promote for healthy and appropriate weight gain during pregnancy.
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Objective@#To analyze the status of gestational weight gain (GWG) among Chinese mothers who gave singleton and full-term births, and to look at optimal GWG ranges.@*Methods@#In 2013, using the multi-stage stratified and population proportional cluster sampling method, we investigated 8 323 mother-child pairs at their 0-24 months postpartum from 55 counties (cities/districts) of 30 provinces (except Tibet) in mainland China. Questionnaire was used to collect data on body weight before pregnancy and delivery, diseases during gestation, hemorrhage or not at postpartum, child birth weight and length, and other information about pregnant outcomes. We measured mother's body weight and height, and child's body weight and length. Based on 'Chinese Adult Body Weight Standard’, we divided mothers into four groups according to their body weight before pregnancy: low weight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5-23.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 24.0-27.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI≥28.0 kg/m2). The status of GWG was assessed by IOM optimal GWG guidelines. Chinese optimal GWG ranges were calculated according to the association of GWG with pregnant outcomes and anthropometry of mothers and children, and according to P25-P75 of GWG among mothers who had good pregnant outcomes and good anthropometry, and whose children had good anthropometry. The status of GWG was assessed by the new optimal ranges.@*Results@#P50 (P25-P75) of GWG among the 8 323 mothers was 15.0 (10.0-19.0) kg. According to the proposed optimal GWG ranges of IOM, the proportions of inadequate, optimal and excessive GWG accounted for 27.2% (2 263 mothers), 36.2% (3 016 mothers) and 36.6% (3 044 mothers). The optimal GWG ranges for low weight, normal weight, overweight and obesity were 11.5-18.0, 10.0-15.0, 8.0-14.0 and 5.0-11.5 kg. Based on these optimal GWG ranges established in this study, the rates of inadequate, optimal and excessive GWG were 15.7% (1 303 mothers), 45.0% (3 744 mothers) and 39.3% (3 276 mothers), and these rates were significantly different from that defined by the IOM standards (χ2=345.36, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The median of GWG among Chinese mothers is 15.0 kg, which is at a relatively higher level. This study suggests the optimal GWG ranges for Chinese women who give singleton and full-term babies, which appears lower than IOM's.
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Objective@#To examine the status and related factors for gestational weight gain of Chinese pregnant women at different trimesters in 2010-2012.@*Methods@#Participants were from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, we recruited 2 805 singleton pregnant women with gestational age 13 weeks or more from 31 provinces of China. A standard questionnaire was used to collect general information and pre-pregnancy weight; body weight and height of pregnant women were measured using a unified weighing scale and stadiometer, dietary intake during the previous year was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. A multiple logistic regression was used to analyze potential factors associated with appropriate gestational weight gain.@*Results@#Among 2 805 pregnant women, 1 441 were in the second (13-27 weeks) and 1 364 in the third trimesters (≥28 weeks) . In the 2nd trimester, 229 cases (15.9%), 440 cases (30.5%) and 772 cases (53.6%) were insufficient gestational weight gain, appropriate gestational weight gain and excessive gestational weight gain respectively. So were 256 cases (18.8%), 474 cases (34.8%), 634 cases (46.5%) in the 3rd trimester respectively. In the multivariate unconditional logistic model, less fruit intake was associated with insufficient weight gain for women in the 2nd trimester (OR (95%CI): 1.58 (1.06-2.34)). Pregnant women with Han ethnicity who live in the small/medium city had lower risk of insufficient weight gain in the 3rd trimester (OR (95%CI): 0.58 (0.34-0.98)). Those pregnant women with physical activity <1 hour/day had a higher risk of excessive weight gain (OR (95%CI): 1.33 (1.02-1.73)).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of appropriate gestational weight gain was low in China. Our study suggests that pregnant weight gain is associated with fruit intake, types of residential area and physical activity.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of anemia and related risk factors for pregnant women in China.@*Method@#Based on Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012, a total of 3 501 pregnant women were investigated from 150 counties of 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, using a multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. General information of pregnant women, health status, and food intake during the gestation, was collected through a questionnaire investigation. 6 ml fasting venous blood was collected for the determination of hemoglobin concentration. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression to investigate the prevalence of anemia and the related influencing factors.@*Results@#The 605 of 3 501 pregnant women had anemia. The prevalence of anemia was 17.2%; and mild anemia accounted for about 61.0% (369/605). Compared with the pregnant women living in the large cities, the OR (95%CI) of those living in the poor rural areas was 1.46 (1.08-1.98). Compared with the pregnant women living in the south area of China, the OR (95%CI) of those living in the north area of China was 1.39 (1.15-1.68); Compared with the pregnant women in the first trimester, the OR (95%CI) of those in the second trimester and the third trimester were 1.79 (1.33-2.43) and 2.11 (1.56-2.85), respectively. The OR (95%CI) of pregnant women who had used folic acid supplementation within the 6 months prior to gestation was 0.76 (0.63-0.93) compared with those who had not used.@*Conclusion@#From 2010 to 2012, the epidemic characteristics of anemia was mild for the pregnant women in China, and pregnant women residential areas, periods of pregnancy and whether to take folic acid were related to anemia.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of calf muscle cramps and possible influencing factors for pregnant women in China.@*Methods@#Using a multi-stage stratified probability proportional to size cluster randomization sampling method during 2010-2012. A total of 3 582 pregnant women were investigated at 150 counties from 31 provinces in China mainland. Information on calf muscle cramps, demographic socio-economic status, pregnancy information, and the physical activities was collected through questionnaires. The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect food intake of pregnant women. Dynamic cluster analysis was used to assess dietary pattern. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the possible influencing factors for calf muscle cramps.@*Results@#The prevalence of calf muscle cramps was 32.9% (1 180/3 582) in Chinese pregnant women, which was 11.6% (87/748), 28.2% (420/1 492), and 50.2% (673/1 342), respectively, during the first, second and third trimester. There were significant differences between them (χ2=349.16, P<0.001). Dietary patterns of the pregnant women were classified into three groups, which called relatively balanced pattern, high vegetables and fruits pattern, and high dairy pattern. Among the three groups, the prevalence of calf muscle cramps was 32.0% (952/2 971), 37.2% (186/500), and 37.8% (42/111), with significant differences (χ2=6.39, P=0.041). The OR (95%CI) values of calf muscle cramps in the second and third trimester was 2.96 (2.28-3.83), and 8.02 (6.16-10.44), respectively, comparing with the first trimester. The OR (95%CI) values of calf muscle cramps in the women taking calcium before pregnant was 1.45 (1.19-1.76), comparing with the one who was not taken. The OR (95%CI) values of calf muscle cramps in the women who had been diagnosed by pregnancy-induced hypertension was 5.76 (2.06-16.12), comparing with the one who had not been diagnosed. The OR (95%CI) values of calf muscle cramps in the high vegetables and fruits pattern and high dairy pattern was 1.13 (0.91-1.41), and 1.18 (0.76-1.81), respectively, comparing with the relatively balanced pattern.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of calf muscle cramps was relatively high in Chinese pregnant women, which was significantly different among three trimesters. The residential areas, occupation, and pregnancy-induced hypertension might be related to the prevalence of calf muscle cramps. However, there was no significant difference among different dietary patterns.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of hydroquinone on the protein expression on human lymphoblastoid cell TK6,and to explore the molecular mechanism of hydroquinone-induced cellular response. METHODS: The TK6 cells were treated with 20. 0 μmol/L of hydroquinone for 24. 0 hours. Total protein was extracted by protein lysis buffer and quantified. The proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electroporthressis. After image analysis,the difference in electrophoresis was selected for enzymatic hydrolysis. The mass spectrometry identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The TK6 cells were treated with hydroquinone at a concentration of 0. 0,5. 0,10. 0 and 20. 0 μmol/L for 24. 0 hours,and total protein was extracted. The expression of heat shock protein 70( HSP70) and ubiquitin-binding enzyme 2( UBE2N) of which were identified by mass spectrometry were assayed by western blot. RESULTS: A total of 48 differential expression protein spots were detected after hydroquinone treatment,and the mass spectrometry identified 30 differentially expressed proteins with up-or down-regulation. These proteins were related to oxidative stress,mitochondrial energy metabolism,cytoskeleton,cell cycle,DNA damage repair,and so on. The relative expression levels of HSP70 and UBE2 N in TK6 cells of 5. 0,10. 0,20. 0 μmol/L hydroquinone group were higher than those of 0. 0 μmol/L hydroquinone group( P < 0. 05),which was consistent with the mass spectrometry results. CONCLUSION: Hydroquinone can induce cytotoxicity in TK6 cells through oxidative stress,which induces the change of mitochondrial energy metabolism and DNA damage repair.
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Objective To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 0-5 years,in 2010-2013.Methods Data was from the ‘China Nutrition and Health Surveillance-0-5-Years-Old Children and Lactating Women’ project in 2013.Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 55 districts/counties from 30 provinces (autonomous regions,municipalities) with the sample size of children as 32 862.Definition of overweight and obesity were according to both the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5-year-old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5-years-old.Results were calculated by complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010.Results The overall prevalence of overweight was 8.4％ among the 0-5-year-old in 2013,with 9.4％ in boys and 7.2％ in girls.Both of the rates from urban and rural areas were the same,as 8.4％.The prevalence rates of overweight in the 0-,6-,12-,24-,36-,48-and 60-71 months age groups appeared as 13.0％,11.1％,8.3％,6.0％,4.8％,3.9％ and 15.9％,respectively.The rates of overweight in low,medium and high income families were 8.0％,8.8％ and 8.9％,respectively.The prevalence of obesity was 3.1％ among the 0-5-year-old,with 3.6％ in boys and 2.5％ in girls.There was no significant difference seen in urban (3.3％) and rural areas (2.9％).The prevalence rates for obesity in the 0-,6-,12-,24-,36-,48-and 60-71 months age groups were 5.8％,3.8％,2.5％,1.6％,1.2％,1.3％ and 7.8％,respectively.The rates of obesity in low,medium and high income families were 2.8％,3.3％ and 3.5％,respectively.Conclusion The prevalence rates of both overweight and obesity were increasing among the 0-5-year-olds in China,suggesting that it is necessary to timely conduct the surveillance and intervention programs on overweight and obesity in this target population.